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Passerini, in her introduction, argues that "formal" democracy has historical ties to totalitarianism and that democracy must better be understood as an expansion of social and political space for dialogue (though certainly she grants that the rules and procedures meant to protect rights in formal democracy represent progress from most other forms of governance). This would require, she argues, the development of a "democratic consciousness" which will enable us to 'participate in the other" (p. 1 Cool

. What do you make of this argument? Discuss! From the argument, there is an idea of consciousness and awareness [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] that has been underlined. This is widely made to mean that people have to be conscious and aware of their democracy so that they can participate fully in promoting and protecting their democracy and even in furthering other democracies. The first aspect is definably to know and understand the meaning of the term democracy.
Essentially, democracy is a political system whereby individuals are ruled directly through their representatives, that is, people choose or elect the representatives to lead and rule them (Popper, 2003). For people to [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] be ruled effectively, they have to be aware of their rights and issues that are [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] concerned with leadership. This is what is being referred to as democratic consciousness in this [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] case. People have to be aware of their democratic rights so that they can participate actively in the day-to-day activities. People may not participate in other democracies when they are not even aware of their own democracy. As Passerini puts it, this kind of understanding is crucial and critical because it enables [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] people to understand their past. This will involve memory for one to have and make his/her own decisions and have a stand in relation with others (Passerini, 2005). There is no single point where a society can stand and claim that it will begin its own [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] democracy, a democracy [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] must be a continuation of something that has been there.
This is where Passerini talks of a continuation of a dialogue as new changes are been implemented but with still a base. Therefore, the need arises whereby the people have to be aware of their history so that they can be able to [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] know where they are from and predict where they are going. This is the only way through which people will be able to [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] participate effectively in development and even in other democracies. This is widely aimed at giving people the courage to understand more about their individual and collective strengths. Indeed, democracy is strength and it can only be exercised when people fully understand it. Therefore, participation will be effective when people are conscious of their democracy (Popper, 2003). The memory plays a key role in controlling the behavior of people.
People who have undergone some oppression are likely to have high [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] remembrance rates of the incidence than people who have just read about the incident. For instance, in the holocaust, the victims have a relatively high memory of the activities that unfolded than people who are just reading history books on the same. There are different methods that can be applied to empower people who have been marginalized or oppressed in the society. At times, it is claimed that remembering is a method that plays a critical role towards empowering such kinds of people (Popper, 2003). I do not think that remembering is the best method of empowering people who have been marginalized and oppressed in the society. At times, remembering [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] creates a strong ground for empowerment whereby one will want to fight such memories by fighting for recovery from the related challenges.
However, in some cases, it becomes rare for the latter to happen since many people will just continue becoming [link widoczny dla zalogowanych] weak and disturbed when they entertain the memories of that past. The type of marginalization or oppression will determine the effectiveness of remembering in promoting empowerment. Different people have different ways of getting motivated thus the characteristics of the people who are being empowered will determine the effectiveness of remembering as a method to be used in empowering the oppressed or marginalized individuals (Passerini, 2005).
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